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* of the singular, viz. mɛ [ ˥ ] (to

* give me), nuɛ, nwuɛ [ / ] (to give

* you), and nɛ [ \ ] (to give him),

* e.g. in ɔrhi-ɛɽe mɛ [ ˩ ˥ ˥ (4-1) ˥ ] he

* gave it me; irhi-ɛɽe nwuɛ [ ˩ ˥ ˥ (4-1) / ]

* I gave it you; irhi-ɛɽe nɛ [ ˩ ˩ ˩ / \ ]

* I am giving it him; (2) also ex-

* presses that something is done

* for somebody: ɔɽu‿ɛe nɛ [ ˩ ˥ / (4-1) ]

* he did it for him; n-ɔʋ̃a n-ima

* nwina na ɣiʋo [ ˥ ˩ ˩ ˩ ˩ ˥ \ ˩ / ]

* where is the man for whom we

* are working?; cf. mɛ [ ˥ ], nɛ [ \ ],

* nwuɛ [ / ].

*na 2 [ ˥ ] to tell; to narrate (to

* somebody: ma [ / ]); ɣɛna‿ɛ̃ ma

* ʋ̃ɛ-ɣ-iho n-ihɔ̃ [ ˥ ˦ ˩ ˩ ˥ / / ˦ ˩ ] don’t

* tell it me for I don’t want to

* hear (it). n-erhuʋ̃u [ ˥ ˩ ˩ ] to bless

* (somebody: na [ ˥ ]); occasionally

* the blessing is accompanied by

* the speaker taking his exwae [ ˥ ˩ ]

* and blowing over it in the

* direction of the man whom he

* blesses (curses are emphasised

* by touching one’s lips with

* the lips and then spitting);

* ɔn-erhuʋ̃u nɛ [ ˩ ˥ ˩ ˩ \ ] he blessed

* him. n-inyɛ [ ˥ ˩ ] to gossip;

* to defame; ɣɛɣin-iny-oʋi‿ɛrɛe

* [ ˥ ˩ ˩ ˥ ˦ ˦ (3-1) ] don’t defame somebody

* else’s son!

*na 3 [ ˥ ] in n-ema [ ˥ ˩ ] to tie the

* yam branches to the yam poles

* (ikpɛsi [ ˩ ˩ ˩ ] and ɛɣɛ [ ˩ ˥ ]) by

* means of ropes or creepers

* (ikã [ ˥ ˩ ] e.g.) in order to spread

* them out; ɔy-ugbo n-odɛ ya

* n-ema [ ˩ ˥ ˩ \ ˩ / ˥ ˩ ] he went to the

* farm yesterday to (go and) tie

* the yam branches up; cf. inema

* [ ˩ ˩ ˩ ]; v. ha‿ema [ ˩ ˥ ˩ ], vi-ab-

* ema [ ˩ ˩ ˥ ˩ ].

*na 4 [ ˥ ] an auxiliary verb used in

* relative clauses when the rela-

* tion is a temporal, causal, or
