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*    e.g. in ʋ-uwu [ ˥ ˥ ] “in inside”:

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*    in ʋ-uhuʋ̃u [ ˩ ˥ ˩ ] “at head”: on

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*    top of; ʋ-otɔ [ ˥ ˩ ] “in ground”:

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*    underneath. In this way, the

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*    English prepositions are ex-

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*    pressed by means of one Bini

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*    preposition only, linked with

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*    various local nouns. ʋ-obɔ [ ˩ ˥ ]

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*    lit. “in hand”, means “from”

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*    when a human being is qualified

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*    by it. ʋ- is also employed to

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*    form a great number of ad-

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*    verbial expressions, as e.g. ʋ-eʋa

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*    [ ˩ \ ] there; ʋ-odɔ [ ˩ \ ] there (a

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*    locality still further away than

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*    that indicated by ʋ-eʋa); ʋ-eʋ̃a

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*    [ ˩ \ ] here; ʋ-oɽe [ ˥ ˥ ] outside;

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*    on the street (used when the

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*    speaker is at home and means

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*    another place in the town).

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*    The “prepositions” formed by

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*    means of linking ʋ- to a noun

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*    of place can also be used ad-

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*    verbially, e.g. ʋ-od-aɽo [ ˩ \ ˩ ] in

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*    front (generalised by adding odɛ

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*    “road”), in front of; ʋ-iyeke

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*    [ ˥ ˩ ˩ ] at the back; behind;

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*    ʋ-od-uxuʋ̃u [ ˩ ˥ ˩ ˩ ] above. Other

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*    adverbs formed with the help of

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*    ʋ- are ʋ-ehia [ ˥ ˦ ] “in all”:

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*    altogether, e.g. ix-ĩkpɔ̃‿ũgie ʋ-

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*    ehia (xiɛ̃ [ ˥ ]) [ ˩ ˥ ˥ ˥ ˩ ˥ ˦ ] “I sold

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*    twenty pounds in all”: I sold

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*    goods amounting to the value

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*    of twenty pounds. ʋ-eriɔ [ ˥ / ]

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*    or [ \ / ], and ʋ-enia [ ˥ / ] or

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*    [ \ / ] “thus”; ʋ-ɛxoxo [ ˥ ˥ ˥ ] “in

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*    the corner”: privately.

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*(e)ʋ- 2 as; like (used with nouns);

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*    ɔba ʋ-eb-axuɛ [ ˩ / ˦ (3-1) ˩ ] it is red

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*    like a parrot tail-feather. ʋ-enɛ

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*    [ ˥ ˦ ] “as if” (introducing sen-

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*    tences); ɔye ʋ-en-ɔmaʋiɛ [ ˩ ˥ ˦ ˧ ˧ / ]

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*    he looks (lit. “is”) as if he has

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*    not slept. To ʋ-enɛ [ ˥ ˦ ] may be

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*    added awɛ [ ˩ \ ] “one says”: ɔɽu

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