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*    e.g. in ʋ-uwu [ ˥ ˥ ] “in inside”:



*    in ʋ-uhuʋ̃u [ ˩ ˥ ˩ ] “at head”: on



*    top of; ʋ-otɔ [ ˥ ˩ ] “in ground”:



*    underneath. In this way, the



*    English prepositions are ex-



*    pressed by means of one Bini



*    preposition only, linked with



*    various local nouns. ʋ-obɔ [ ˩ ˥ ]



*    lit. “in hand”, means “from”



*    when a human being is qualified



*    by it. ʋ- is also employed to



*    form a great number of ad-



*    verbial expressions, as e.g. ʋ-eʋa



*    [ ˩ \ ] there; ʋ-odɔ [ ˩ \ ] there (a



*    locality still further away than



*    that indicated by ʋ-eʋa); ʋ-eʋ̃a



*    [ ˩ \ ] here; ʋ-oɽe [ ˥ ˥ ] outside;



*    on the street (used when the



*    speaker is at home and means



*    another place in the town).



*    The “prepositions” formed by



*    means of linking ʋ- to a noun



*    of place can also be used ad-



*    verbially, e.g. ʋ-od-aɽo [ ˩ \ ˩ ] in



*    front (generalised by adding odɛ



*    “road”), in front of; ʋ-iyeke



*    [ ˥ ˩ ˩ ] at the back; behind;



*    ʋ-od-uxuʋ̃u [ ˩ ˥ ˩ ˩ ] above. Other



*    adverbs formed with the help of



*    ʋ- are ʋ-ehia [ ˥ ˦ ] “in all”:



*    altogether, e.g. ix-ĩkpɔ̃‿ũgie ʋ-



*    ehia (xiɛ̃ [ ˥ ]) [ ˩ ˥ ˥ ˥ ˩ ˥ ˦ ] “I sold



*    twenty pounds in all”: I sold



*    goods amounting to the value



*    of twenty pounds. ʋ-eriɔ [ ˥ / ]



*    or [ \ / ], and ʋ-enia [ ˥ / ] or



*    [ \ / ] “thus”; ʋ-ɛxoxo [ ˥ ˥ ˥ ] “in



*    the corner”: privately.



*(e)ʋ- 2 as; like (used with nouns);



*    ɔba ʋ-eb-axuɛ [ ˩ / ˦ (3-1) ˩ ] it is red



*    like a parrot tail-feather. ʋ-enɛ



*    [ ˥ ˦ ] “as if” (introducing sen-



*    tences); ɔye ʋ-en-ɔmaʋiɛ [ ˩ ˥ ˦ ˧ ˧ / ]



*    he looks (lit. “is”) as if he has



*    not slept. To ʋ-enɛ [ ˥ ˦ ] may be



*    added awɛ [ ˩ \ ] “one says”: ɔɽu