ebaan [èbã́ã̀] n.
now; at this time. (Also: ebanban; ewaan; ewanwan).
ebaba [èbàbá] n.
address term, used mainly by the young, for father. Other terms include evbavba; erha.
ebafọ [èbáfɔ̀] n.
a small plant whose leaves are used as vegetable in afọ soup.
ebakhuẹ [èbáxwɛ̀] n.
the red feathertail of a parrot.
ebakpẹ [èbákpɛ] n.
a plant (millettia thonningii) whose leaves are used for medication against dysentery.
ebamẹmẹ [èbámɛ̃̀mɛ̃̀] n.
the leaf of a local shrub with abrasive surface, and used for cleaning and shining rough surfaces.
eban [èbã́] n.
the act of stripping off clothes (cf. ban).
ebe [èbé] n.
1. leaf;
2. vegetable;
3. paper; book.
ebeebe [èbéèbé] n.
1. greenish colour;
2. foliage.
ebekhue [èbéxwé] n.
the leaves of “garden egg” used in a variety of soups as vegetable.
ebeni [èbénĩ̀] n.
a kind of leaf used for making the thatched roof of traditional houses.
ebevbarrie [èbéʋàryɛ́] n.
(< ebe + evbarie) a kind of fish (usually smoked) used in soups and stews.
ebẹn1 [èbɛ̃̀] n.
a boundary, a line of demarkation, especially between adjacent farms.
ebẹn2 [èbɛ̃̀] n.
dangerous debris, usually in the form of broken bottles and metal rods used to prevent trespassers from farms and other restricted territories.
ebi [èbí] n.
night; darkness;
ebi ro: “darkness has fallen.”
(Also ebiebi);
ebiebi so: “night has fallen i.e. it has become dark.”
ebiakabianu [èbyàkábyanu] n.
nonsensical talk; unintelligible utterances.
ebiavan [èbyávã̀] n.
“afternoon darkness”: eclipse of the sun.
ebibi [èbíbì] n.
aimless groping or wandering.
ebiẹ [èbíɛ̀] n.
beer (cf. Engl.).
ebiẹba [èbíɛ̀bá] n.
a local leaf traditionally used for parcelling cooked food such as boiled rice (izẹ) or ekusu (a kind of corn pudding), etc.
ebihieghe [èbíhyèɣè] n.
(< ebe + ihieghe) the fresh leaves of a tree (Myrianthus arboreus) used as vegetable in a variety of soup.
ebitẹtẹ [èbítɛ̀tɛ̀] n.
the leaves of a small plant used as vegetables in afọ soup.
ebiwinna [èbíwĩ̀nã̀] n.
“work paper”: job application.
ebiyẹn [èbíyɛ̃̀] n.
report; newsletter.
ebiyọyọ [ebíyɔ́yɔ́] n.
another name for ebitẹtẹ.
ebo [ébo] n.
white-man; European.
eboriwo [èbóɽíwò] n.
(< ebe + oriwo) “bitter leaf”, the leaves of a shrub, bitter in taste, often used with ikpogi (melon seeds) to make a common Edo soup.
ebọbọzi [èbɔ̀bɔ̀zí] n.
thin slices of boiled cassava, soaked in cold water, usually eaten as a snack, rather than as a meal.
ebọdọndọn [èbɔ́dɔ̃dɔ̃] n.
“water leaf”; the leaves of a small plant (Talinum triangulare) used as vegetable in preparing a variety of soups.
ebọlu [èbɔ́lù] n.
ball (also; ibọlu) (cf. Engl.) (also ibọru/ebọru).
ebọrhẹrhẹ [èbɔ́řɛ̀řɛ́] n.
a variety of local vegetable used in preparing soup.
ebubẹ [èbùbɛ̀] n.
fine sand; dust.
ebuka [ébúkà] n.
food canteen.
ebuluku [èbùlúkù] n.
a full-gathered wrap-around skirt that women traditionally wear under their wrappers. It is also worn as an outer garment by some native priests.
ebumwẹn [èbúɱɛ̃̀] n.
“salt leaf” a creeper (Manniophyton africanum); it is said to cause itching when touched.
ebumwẹnkhẹn [èbúɱɛ̃̀xɛ̃́] n.
“pumpkin leaf” a creeper whose fresh leaves are used as vegetable in soup. The seeds of the fruit are also edible when boiled.
eda [èdá] n.
rain water collected from the eaves of a roof. (cf. daa3).
Edaikẹn [èdàíkɛ̃́] n.
the title of the heir-apparent to the Ẹdo throne; his court is at Uselu.
edanmwẹn [èdã́ɱɛ̃̀] n.
examination (cf. danmwẹn2).
ede [èdé] n.
bush-cow; buffalo. (also ẹhan).
edede [èdèdé] n.
old woman.
edẹ [èdɛ́] n.
grey hair.
edigue [èdìgwè] n.
villager; unsophisticated person.
edigun [èdígũ̀] n.
iron.
ediọn [èdỹɔ̃̀] n.
1. the elders of a clan or village usually about 42 and above in age;
2. pl. of ọdiọn: “older ones.”
ediọnmwan [èdỹɔ̃̀ɱã́] n.
old man.
ediran [èdíɽ̃ã̀] n.
this way; this side; this part; (also oderan: < odẹ + eran).
edirẹva [èdírɛ́và] n.
driver of a vehicle (cf. Engl.: driver) (also edrrẹva).
Edogun [èdógṹ] n.
title of a warchief.
Edọhẹn [èdòhɛ̃́] n.
title of one of the chiefs belonging to the Uzama.
edọkita [èdɔ́kítà] n.
doctor (cf. Engl.) (also ẹdokita).
edọn [édɔ̃̀] n.
flying termite.
edu [èdú] n.
translation (used with the vb. zẹ).
ee [éé] int.
response to most greetings and directives:
A: lare! B: ee! ― A: come here! B: okay!
.
efa [èfá] n.
disgrace; embarrassment.
efada [èfàdá] n.
a Roman Catholic Father. (cf. Engl.).
efẹn [èfɛ̃̀] n.
1. side of the body.
efẹnrhinyẹn [èfɛ̃̀řĩ́ỹɛ̃̀] n.
a snack prepared from unsifted cassava, eaten mainly in the delta area of Bendel State.
efiaide [èfyaídè] n.
Friday (cf. Engl.).
efoni [èfónì] n.
telephone.
efoto [èfòtó] n.
photograph; picture.
efọnkpa [èfɔ̃́k͡pá] n.
1. a certain place; a certain location;
2. the same place (also ehọkpa).
efukẹ [èfùkɛ̀] int.
an expression which implies that what had been said was a joke, a lie or a bluff.
efun [èfṹ] n.
boneless meat; flesh of animals or human beings; muscle. (also ifun).
ega-ifi [ègáifì] n.
an enclosed area in which traps are set.
egalahi [ègàláàhì] n.
a tiny drinking glass used for serving liqueur.
egedege [ègédége] n.
storey building.
egilẹ [égìlɛ̀] n.
snail.
egirramu [ègírámù] n.
gram (cf. Engl.).
egirrepi [ègírépì] n.
grape-fruit (cf. Engl.).
egosimeti [ègòsìmétì] n.
gold-smith (cf. Engl.).
Egọ [ègɔ̀] n.
a Bini village situated on the road leading to Siluko.
eguẹva [ègùɛ́và] n.
guava. (cf. Engl.).
egui [ègwí] n.
land-tortoise.
eguọ [ègwɔ̀] n.
a feat; an exploit; a performance.
egba [èg͡bá] n.
hunter’s ambush.
egbaha [ég͡bàhà] n.
the beam placed above a door to support the wall above it in traditional houses.
egbakhian [èg͡bàxyã́] n.
1. lovers;
2. a close friend of any sex.
egbalaka [ég͡bàlàkà] n.
ladder.
egbe1 [èg͡bé] n.
1. body;
egbe hia khia mwẹn ― “all my body hurts me”
;
2. bulk:
ẹkpẹtin na mwẹn egbe ― “This box has bulk.”
egbe2 [èg͡bé] n.
one another; each other:
Iran tuẹ egbe ― “They greeted each other.”
egbe3 [èg͡bé] n.
kind, variety;
egbe ọna ẹre ọ yẹẹ mwẹn ― “It is this kind that pleases me; i.e. This is the kind I like.”
egbe4 [èg͡bé] adv.
in spite of; though:
Egbe ne i ya khama ọnrẹn ighẹ i dee, i ma ye vba ọre vbe owa ― “In spite of the fact that I had told him that I was coming, I still did not meet him at home.”
egbebalọmwẹn [èg͡bèbálɔ́ɱɛ̃̀] n.
hot temper; quick temper. (also ibalegbe).
egbedamwẹn [èg͡bèdáɱɛ̃̀] n.
being acutely sensitive to physical or emotional discomfort; being accutely affected by external stimuli, especially those that cause pain.
egbegiengiẹnmwẹn [ègbègỹɛ̃́gỹɛ̃ɱɛ̃̀] n.
being incapable of enduring or accommodating pain.
egbekanmwẹn [èg͡bèkã́ɱɛ̃̀] n.
being easily irritable.
egbekẹn [èg͡békɛ̃̀] n.
wall (especially of a house).
egbemumwẹn [ègbèmúɱɛ̃̀] n.
excitement.
egberọkhọmwẹn [èg͡bèɽɔ́xɔ́ɱɛ̃̀] n.
peace and comfort; luxury and leisure.
egberranmwẹn [èg͡bèrã́ɱɛ̃̀] n.
health.
egbewọmwẹn [èg͡bèwɔ́ɱɛ̃̀] n.
tiredness and fatigue.
egbowa [èg͡bówà] n.
the out-house used for toilet facilities:
Egbowa nokhua “the big out-house; i.e. latrine”
;
egbowa nekherhe ― “urinary”
.
égbọ [ég͡bɔ̀] n.
a variety of traditional songs sung on solemn occasions such as funerals.
ègbọ [èg͡bɔ́] n.
the phase of tree-felling in the process of making a new farm.
egbọn [ég͡bɔ̃̀] n.
a high fence made of ikhinmwin trees, and standing at the entrance of a village (ughe); it serves to ward off evil spirits and bad charms from the village.
egbọna [ègbɔ́nà] n.
(< egbe3 + ọna) “this kind”; this variety (cf. egbe3 ).
egbọghọ [égbɔ̀ɣɔ̀] n.
native tobacco; it has a very pungent smell.
egbu [égbú] n.
a kind of woodpecker which has a very big head and short beak.
Eghaẹvbo [èɣàɛ̀ʋò] n.
the title of two sets of Edo chiefs: 1. Eghaẹvbo Nore, and 2. Eghaẹvbo Nogbe. The latter is made up of officials of the palace (eguae), while the former consists of town chiefs; such as Iyasẹ, Esọgban, Esọn and Osuma.
eghan1 [éɣã̀] n.
metal chain used for harnessing convicts.
eghan2 [éɣã̀] n.
imprisonment; confinement.
eghẹrẹ [èɣɛ́ɽɛ̀] n.
idleness; something of ineffective value; something lacking in purpose or worth.
eghian [éɣỹã̀] n.
enemy; 2. pl. of oghian ― enemy.
egho [èɣó] n.
the over-night rubbish lying in the house before it is swept in the morning.
egho [èɣó] n.
(of food) staleness, resulting from lack of preservatives, especially over-night; 2. (of persons) the bad breath before mouth is cleaned in the morning.
eghorẹ [èɣóɽɛ̀] n.
an idiomatic expression for pregnancy.
eghọẹn [èɣɔ̃́ɛ̃̀] n.
foreigner.
eghute [éɣúté] n.
1. beach; riverside;
2. port; harbour.
Ehaẹkpẹn [èháɛkpɛ̃̀] n.
title of a category of Edo chiefs.
ehẹankọn [èhɛ̃́ã̀kɔ̃̀] n.
plaque on teeth.
ehaya [èháyà] n.
rent; hire:
ọ mu imọto ẹre ye ehaya ― “He put his car on rent.”
ehe1 [èhé] n.
1. place; location (also eke)
De ehe ne i gha mu enrẹn yi ― “What place shall I put it?”
2. journey:
I gha ye ehe akhuẹ ― “I shall go on a journey tomorrow.”
ehe2 [èhé] n.
menstruation.
eheha [èhéhà] n.
groups of three; threes.
eheikehe [èhéikèhé] n.
anywhere; wherever:
eheikehe ne u rhirhi na miẹ ọnrẹn, u ghu khama mwẹn ― “wherever you happen to find it, you tell me.”
Ehẹngbuda [èhɛ̃́gbúdà] n.
Name of a past Oba of Benin who reigned from about 1578 to about 1607 (Egharevba 1968:73).
Ehẹnmihẹn [èhɛ̃̀mĩ́hɛ̃̀] n.
name of a past Ọba of Benin who reigned in the first half of the thirteenth century (Egharevba 1968:73).
ẹhẹnnẹdẹn [èhɛ̃́nɛ̃́dɛ̃́] n.
perfect health and wholesomeness.
ehia [éhya] ind quant.
all (also hia when it occurs as a modifier.)
ehiagha1 [èhyaɣà] n.
cf. ihiagha.
ehiagha2 [èhyaɣà] n.
(with ivin) palm kernel:
Ọ ya ivin-ehiagha wọn igari ― “He used palm kernel to drink garri; i.e. he ate garri with palm kernels.”
ehianmwẹn [éhyã́ɱɛ̃̀] n.
the hard shell of a fruit or nut:
ehianmwẹn-ivin ― “coconut shells”
.
ehiẹn [éhỹɛ̃́] n.
nails (of human); claws (of birds) (also ihiẹn).
ehionbọ [éhyṍbɔ̀] n.
(< ehiẹn-obọ) finger-nails (also ihionbọ).
ehionwẹ [éhyṍwẹ̀] n.
(< ehiẹn-owe) toe-nails (also ihionwẹ).
ehọ1 [èhɔ́] n.
1. ear.
2. edge.
ehọ2 [èhɔ́] n.
an annual festival of sacrifice to the ancestors.
Ehọ [èhɔ̀] n.
Ehor, a town on the boundary between Ẹdo and Esan-speaking people.
ehọkpa [èhɔ́kpá] n.
same as efọnkpa.
Ehọndọn [èhɔ̃́dɔ̃́] n.
title of a chief whose special function is to oversee the slaughtering and butchering of sacrificial animals at all the Oba’s sacrifices.
ehọnmwẹn [èhɔ̃́ɱɛ̃̀] n.
purification.
Eka [èká] n.
The Ika people and their language. They are a branch of the Igbo-Speaking people.
eka [ékà] n.
a variety of fried traditional cake made from maize or beans, and eaten mainly as snack.
ekaere ― fried bean cake
.
ekabita [èkábítà] n.
carpenter (cf. Engl.).
ekaebo [ékáebò] n.
(< eka + ebo): “Whiteman’s cake”: biscuits.
ekagha [èkàɣà] n.
muzzle; gag.
ekainkain [èkãĩ́kãĩ́] n.
traditionally brewed gin.
ekalaka [èkàlákà] n.
drinking-glass; tumbler (cf. Port.: caneca).
ekasa1 [èkàsà] n.
1. a tree (Omphalocarpum procerum);
2. the rattle made from the husks of the seeds of the tree, strung with raffia and worn around the ankles by dancers.
ekasa2 [èkàsà] n.
a very colourful dance performed by a dance troupe from Ogbelaka as part of the ceremonies to celebrate the Oba’s coronation.
ekasiu [èkàsiú] n.
cashew: the plant, the fruit and the nut. (cf. Engl.).
Ekatakpi [èkátákpì] n.
a nickname for a short and fat person, with short limbs; it derives from a character in Edo folklore who was a stump.
ekatapila [èkàtàpílà] n.
caterpillar; truck (cf. Engl.).
eke [èké] n.
place; location:
I yo eke ne ọ na winna ― “I visited the place where he works.”
(cf. ehe).
eke [èké] n.
stunted round yam, used mainly for planting.
ekesọgban [ékésɔ́gbã̀] num.
25. Also isẹnyan-ugie.
ekesugie [èkésùgyé] num.
15.
ekẹkẹrẹbo [èkɛ̀kɛ̀ɽɛ́bò] n.
something of little worth or consequence.
ekẹn1 [èkɛ̃́] n.
one of the four days in the traditional week on which no market-day falls. The other days of the week are: ẹkiọba; ekẹn naka; and agbado.
ekẹ̀n [èkɛ̃̀] n.
soil, mud; 2. wall of a house.
ekẹnnekhui [èkɛ̃̀néxuì] n.
(< ekẹn + nekhui)^― “black soil”; humus.
ekẹnnẹkẹnnẹ [èkɛ̃̀nɛ̃̀kɛ̃́nɛ̃̀] n.
a spotted design; a pattern of spots:
ẹwu ẹre gbẹnne ẹkẹnnẹkẹnnẹ ― “His garment is spotted in design.”
ekẹtẹkẹtẹ [èkɛ́tɛ́kɛ́tɛ́] n.
ass; donkey.
eki [ékì] n.
(same as ukuoki) a pad placed to wedge a load on the head.
ekiawa [ékyáwà] n.
a shrub, Erythrina species.
ekigbesiyeha [èkígbésìyéhà] num.
50.
ekigbesiyenẹ [èkígbésìyénɛ̃̀] num.
70.
ekigbesiyisẹn [èkígbésìyísɛ̀] num.
90.
ekilo [èkílò] n.
kilogram (cf. Engl.).
ekilomita [èkìlómítà] n.
kilometre (cf. Engl.).
ekinyanwo [èkĩ́ỹã́wó] n.
guinea-fowl egg (< ekẹn + iyanwo) (cf. Yoruba ẹyin-awo).
ekiosisi [ékyósísí] n.
(< ekia + osisi) “penis of gun”: trigger of a gun.
ekita [ékítà] n.
dog (also awa; ovbiakota).
eko1 [èkó] n.
temporary camp; settlement used for purposes of hunting, farming and, in the past, war.
Eko2 [èkó] n.
the Edo name of Lagos, which originated with the use of the territory as a war-camp by Edo warriors in the 15th and 16th centuries.
ekoko [èkókò] n.
Utte masquerades, noted for the long chins of their masks. The masquerade is said to date back to the reign of Oba Ohẹn in the 14th century.
ekokodia [èkòkódyà] n.
ceremonial name for coconut.
ekokohiẹn [ekókóhỹɛ̃̀] n.
a long snail’s shell previously used as native spoon.
ekokoma [èkókómà] n.
a variety of native pop dance.
ekokoo [èkòkóò] n.
cocoa (cf. Engl.).
ekonbuẹ [èkõbúɛ] n.
(< ekẹ̀n + obuẹ) clay; soil with a large proportion of clay.
ekongbe [èkṍgbè] n.
(< ekẹ̀n + ogbe) “wall of Ogbe”; the wall that encloses the Oba’s palace in Benin City.
ekororo [ékóroro] n.
(< eka + ororo) bean cakes fried in groundnut oil, rather than palm oil.
ekọka [ékɔ́kà] n.
(< eka + ọka) “maize cake” traditional cake made from ground corn, and fried in palm oil.
ekọnka [èkɔ̃́kà] n.
the dried out cob of corn to which the grains are attached in an ear of maize.
ekọnkhọkhọ [èkɔ̃́xɔxɔ̀] n.
(< ekẹ́n + ọkhọkhọ) chicken egg.
ekọtu [èkɔ́tù] n.
law-court (cf. Engl.). (also ikotu).
ekuabọ [ékwábɔ̀] n.
upper arm.
ekuawẹ [ékwáwɛ̀] n.
thigh.
ekuẹ [ékwɛ́] n.
bellows.
ekuku [èkúkù] n.
cook (cf. Engl.).
ekuọmọ [ékwɔ́mɔ̀] n.
a fat brown rat (also known as ẹbete).
ekuyẹ [èkùyɛ́] n.
spoon (cf. Port.: colher).
ekha [èxá] n.
a declaration; an authoritative statement:
Ekha gue Osa ― “Declarations are with god; i.e. god proposes.”
ekhaẹmwẹn [èxàɛɱɛ̃̀] n.
chiefs; pl. of okhaemwen.
ekhaosisi [éxàosísí] n.
(< ekhae + osisi) “sand of gun”: gun-powder.
ekhàrha [èxàřà] n.
umbrella (also ugbinnamẹ).
ekhárha [èxářà] n.
recitation; recital.
ekhekhae [éxèxàe] n.
(< ekhae + ekhae) full of sand; being sandy.
ekherhe [èxéřé] n.
a little bit (of something).
ekhẹn [èxɛ̃̀] n.
a band of travellers, whether on foot or by some public means of transport:
ekhẹn ni rrie ẹki ― “travellers going to the market”
;
ekhẹn ni rrie ugbo ― “travellers going to the farm.”
ekhọe1 [éxɔ̀e] n.
mind; will:
ekhọe daan ― “wickedness”; “meanness.”
ekhọe2 [éxɔ̀e] n.
palm-branch shed of its leaves, used for tying yams.
ekhuae [éxwàe] n.
a group of charm made of pounded medicines used in both cursing and blessing rituals.
èkhue [èxwè] n.
1. shame, embarrasment.
2. shyness; self-consciousness.
ékhue [éxwé] n.
garden-egg; egg plant.
ekhuẹkhuẹ [èxwɛ́xwɛ̀] n.
palm-wine tapped from fallen palm tree (also udegbotọ).
ekhui [èxwì] n.
the scaly ant-eater.
ekhuọrhọ [éxwɔ̀řɔ̀] n.
swamp; muddy soil; slush.
èkpa1 [èk͡pá] n.
vomiting; vomit.
èkpa2 [èk͡pá] n.
consideration; cause;
Èkpa ruẹ ẹre ọ ya mwẹn rre ― “It was on account of you that I came.”
ékpa [ék͡pà] n.
1. fist:
ọ kuun ékpa da mwẹn ― “He clenched his fist at me”
;
2. hitting with the fist; boxing:
ọ fi mwẹn ékpa ― “He boxed me”
.
ekpaghudo [èk͡pàɣúdò] n.
a tree, Albizzia zygia.
ekpakara1 [èk͡pákáɽá] n.
a variety of beetle found mainly on the raffia palm; it sucks juice out of the cuttings made by wine-tappers.
ekpakara2 [èk͡pákáɽá] n.
convulsion; it afflicts mainly children.
ekpakpahunmwangan [èk͡pàk͡pàhṹɱã̀gã̀] n.
scorpion.
ekpalakpala [èk͡pàlàk͡pálá] n.
a flat fish with many bones and rough scales.
ekpamaku [èk͡pàmákù] n.
1. corrugated iron sheet, used for roofing modern houses, in place of the traditional thatch;
2. enamel plate, dish or bowl used in the household.
ekparhurhu [èk͡pářuřù] n.
a variety of wasp that makes its nest on creepers. It has a very painful sting.
ekpaye [èk͡pàyɛ̀] n.
followers; attendants.
ekpelekpele [èk͡pèlèk͡pélé] n.
mosquito lava swimming under the water surface.
ekpẹkpẹyẹ [èk͡pɛ́k͡pɛ́yɛ́] n.
duck. (cf. Yoruba pẹ́pẹ́yẹ).
ekpẹtẹsi [èk͡pɛ̀tɛ́sì] n.
storey building (also egedege). (cf. Yoruba pẹtẹsi).
ekpinni [ék͡pĩ̀nĩ̀] n.
half-penny (cf. Engl.).
ekpo [èk͡pò] n.
1. masquerade;
2. a particular masquerade society of young boys.
ekpokpo [èk͡pók͡pò] n.
traditional bronze toy “guns” which children mount on wooden holders and shoot with nails, using match-stick heads and sand as gun-powder.
ekpọkọ [èk͡pɔ́kɔ̀] n.
milky drivel emitted by babies, especially after a meal.
ekpọnkpọndọn [èk͡pɔ̃́kpɔ̃dɔ̃́] n.
a U-shaped pin used as a hair dressing implement by women.
ekpọnmwẹn [èk͡pɔ̃́ɱɛ̃̀] n.
1. thanksgiving performed by a newly-made chief in the form of a procession to the palace and various shrines.
2. (in the Christian context) a special service of thanksgiving in which special offerings are made to the church in gratitude to God for some special goodwill recently experienced by donor ― such as the birth of a child; successful completion of education, etc.
ekpukpu [èk͡púk͡pú] n.
a dish prepared from cassava.
elaghalogho [èláɣáloɣò] n.
a bell used in the Ọkhuahẹ cult, shaped like ẹgogo, but with a nail inside it.
elalọ [èlálɔ̀] n.
ringworm.
elapurhu [èlápuřù] n.
fugitive swellings in the groin.
elarhẹlarhẹ [èlářɛ̀lářɛ̀] n.
a disease in which fluid collects in cavities or tissues of the body; dropsy.
elawagbọn [èláwagbɔ̃̀] n.
maturity and experience that one acquires through diversified contacts and exposure.
elẹdẹ [élɛ́dɛ̀] n.
domestic pig.
elẹdi [èlɛ́dì] n.
lead; lead pencil.
elikhukhu [èlíxùxù] n.
pigeon (also enikhukhu).
elita [èlítà] n.
litre (cf. Engl.).
elọya [èlɔ́yà] n.
lawyer (also ulaya) (cf. Engl.).
elukeluke [èlùkélùké] n.
river-tortoise (also ẹruvbọ).
ema1 [èmà] n.
drum; there are different varieties, such as emẹdo; emighan; emugho; etc.
ema2 [èmà] n.
1. pounded yam; yam fufu;
2. a collective name for the different varieties of yam tuber, such as ikpẹn; igbin; ivu, etc.;
3. the soft pulp of fruits, usually edible:
ema-orunmwun ― “the pulp of native pear.”
emaba [èmàbà] n.
1. a variety of drum made from calabash, with a rattle attached to it; it is played in palace festivals;
2. a dance for which the emaba drum is used.
emabule [èmábule] n.
a nickname for a very stupid person.
emaili [èmaílì] n.
mile (also ibiriki) (cf. Engl.).
emakaesọn [èmàkàésɔ̃̀] n.
bicycle repairer.
emakaliki [èmàkálìkì] n.
mechanic; auto technician (cf. Engl.).
emasini [èmàsínì] n.
machine:
1. sewing machine; grinding machine and similar appliances;
2. motor-cycle:
U miẹ emasini ne Ozo da dẹ? Did you see the motor-cycle that Ojo just bought?
ematọn [èmátɔ̃̀] n.
metal;
ematọn nọwegbe ― “steel”
.
emazuọkọ [èmázuɔ́kɔ́] n.
a very stupid person; imbecile.
emehe [èméhè] n.
1. reserve; extra stock kept for future use:
Ọ ya evbare nii zẹ emehe ye iran ihẹ: “He packed that food for them as reserve”
;
2. gift:
Osanobua ọ ya re kpe emehe gun mwẹn ― “God sent it to me as a gift.”
emẹ [èmɛ̃́ɛ̃̀] n.
a general name for apes; individual varieties, include alazi, akharho, ọsa, etc.
emẹdo [èmɛ̃̀dò] n.
(< ema + Ẹdo) “drum of Benin”: a big round drum beaten with one stick and beaten during ugie ukpetuẹ.
emẹlu [èmɛ̃̀lú] n.
bull.
emi [émĩ̀] n.
bulk, thickness; weight:
Ọkpan na mwẹn emi ― This plate has bulk
.
emiamwẹn [èmỹã̀ɱɛ̃̀] n.
illness (also uhunmwonva);
emiamwẹn-Uhobo ― “Urhobo sickness”
, i.e. gonorrhea.
emiegbe [èmyẽ́gbè] n.
beads, worn around the neck, wrist, or around the hips. (also emwin-egbe).
emiehọ [èmyẽ́hɔ̀] n.
ear-rings (also emwin-ehọ).
emiekhue [èmyẽ́xwè] n.
disgrace; shame. (also emwienkhue).
emiẹki [èmyɛ̃́kì] n.
native pudding made from yam; it is steamed in wraps of ebiẹba leaves.
emighan [èmĩ́ɣã̀] n.
a drum for chiefs, placed on the ground and beaten with two sticks.
emilẹ [émĩ́lɛ̀] n.
a variety of red yam.
emiowo [èmyṍwò] n.
meat (also aranmwẹn).
emita [èmĩ́tá] n.
meter (cf. Engl.).
emitan [èmítã̀] n.
laziness; indolence.
emitẹ [émĩ̀tɛ̀] n.
a dwarf; a stunted person.
emizaduma [èmĩ́zàdùmã́] n.
a war drum.
emizagbẹdẹ [èmĩ́zàgbɛ́dɛ́] n.
a drum played for the izagbẹdẹ dance.
emọnde [èmɔ̃́dè] n.
Monday (cf. Engl.).
emorhọ [èmṍřɔ̀] n.
(< ema-orhọ) “yam of rainy season”: new yam.
emosima [èmṍsimã̀] n.
a kind of tortoise said to have been charmed by Ọkhuahẹ, and put in the bush surrounding his shrines.
emota [èmṍtà] n.
(< ema + ota) “pounded yam of the evening”, evening meal; supper.
Emotan [èmṍtã̀] n.
the name of an Edo heroine of the 15th century commemorated by the bronze statue of a queen mounted in 1954 at her grave site where a sacred uruhe tree once grew, in front of the Ọba market; this had been cut down inadvertently by a construction firm. By Ewuare’s decree, the Oba makes sacrifices to it, and every traditional burial procession visits the statue and offers it cowries and chalk.
emọ [èmɔ̃́] n.
children; off-spring (pl. of ọmọ).
emọwẹ [èmɔ̃́wɛ̀] n.
a variety of white yam, generally not used for pounding.
emuẹn [èmwɛ̃̀] n.
ashes.
emugho [èmṹɣò] n.
a small dancedrum beaten by hand, and used mainly by women.
emunẹmunẹ [èmũ̀nɛ̃̀mṹnɛ̃̀] n.
firefly; glow-worm.
emwanmwan [èɱã́ɱã̀] n.
arrangement; preparation (cf. mwanmwan).
emwẹnmwẹn [èɱɛ̃́ɱɛ̃̀ɛ̃̀] n.
madness.
emwienhọ [eɱyẽhɔ] n.
ear-rings (also emiehọ).
emwienkhue [èɱĩẽ́xwè] n.
disgrace; shame; embarassment. (also emiekhue).
emwin [èɱĩ́ĩ́] n.
thing; object; issue.
emwinnekhua [èɱĩ̀néxwà] n.
“the great things”: the idiomatic designation for the burial rites of an Ọba.
emwindamwẹn [èɱĩ̀dáɱɛ̃̀] n.
tighthandedness; stinginess.
emwinfi [èɱĩ̀fí] n.
smallpox.
emwingbeni [èɱĩ́g͡bénĩ̀] n.
“thing that killed elephant”: tooth-ache (also emwinrrakọn).
emwinkemwin [èɱĩ̀kèɱĩ́] n.
anything; whatever thing.
emwinrebo [èɱĩ́ɽébò] n.
chinaware; porcelain.
emwinrẹnrẹn [èɱĩ̀ɽ̃̀ɛ̃̀ɽ̃̀ɛ́] n.
creeping insects (cf. rẹnrẹn).
emwinrrakọn [èɱĩ̀rákɔ̃̀] n.
“something in the teeth”: toothache (also emwinrrunu).
emwinrraro [èɱĩ̀ɽáɽò] n.
fever; also yellow fever or malaria fever (also evbirraro).
emwinrri [èɱĩ́rì] n.
“thing of the rope”: domesticated animals, such as sheep and goats.
emwinrrọbẹvbo [èɱĩ̀rɔ́bɛʋò] n.
“things that are in the Oba’s land”: male youth of 7 ― 14 years; traditionally they constituted an age-grade responsible for sweeping the streets. In villages, they also empty the refuse. (also evbirrẹvbo).
emwionko [èɱỹṍkɔ́ɔ̀] n.
farm crops; mainly cash crops.
emwionrhọ [èɱỹṍřɔ̀] n.
harvest.
emwiunbiẹmwẹn [èɱyúbyɛ́ɱɛ̃̀] n.
“matter-of-childbirth.” labour.
emwiunwawa [èɱỹṹwàwà] n.
bean pottage made with palm oil.
ena [ènã̀] dem. pr.
these, these ones:
Ena ẹre ọ khaa ― “These are the ones he means”
.
enamwunsin [ènáɱṹsĩ̀] adv.
a long period of time back, for long ago:
enamwunsin ọ ghise edinran ― it is a long time since he got here: He has been here for long
.
enaimwẹn [ènã́iɱɛ̃̀] n.
“my owner”; “my lord”; a deferential address term used by women to their husbands and the latters’ relatives.
ene [ènẽ́] def. art.
the:
ene okpia vboo? ― “Where is the man?”
enena [énẽ́nã̀] dem.
these ones.
enenẹ [ènẽ́nɛ̃̀] adv.
in groups of four; fours.
eneirrọvbugie [ènɛ́iɽɔ́ʋugyè] num.
sixteen (i.e. four-missing-from-twenty)., eneirrovbọgban ― “twenty-six”: (i.e. four-missing-from-thirty).
enẹghẹdẹnẹ [ènɛ́ɣɛ́dɛ̀nɛ̃̀] n.
four days ago.
ení [ènĩ́] n.
elephant;
ení-amẹ ― “water elephant”: hippopotamus
.
enì [ènĩ̀] n.
name (also erin).
enia [ènyã́] adv.
thus; so; this manner.
enibokun [ènĩ́bòkṹ] n.
cattle egret.
enigie [ènĩ́gyè] n.
chiefs and other titled rulers.
enii [énĩ̀ĩ́] dem.
those ones.
enikaro [ènĩ́kàɽò] n.
(< ene-i-karo) “those who came in front”.
1. the ancestors.
2. pioneers.
enikẹre [ènĩ́kɛ̀ɽè] n.
the others; the remainder.
enikhukhu [ènĩ́xùxù] n.
pigeon (also elikhukhu).
enitan [énĩ̀tã̀] n.
prawns and shrimps.
eniwanrẹn [ènĩ́w̃ãɽ̃ɛ̃̀] n.
1. a deferential address term used for a group of elderly people. (sg. ― enọwanrẹn);
2. elders.
eniwanrẹn-asọn ― “elders of the night”: an idiomatic expression for witches, wizards, and other evil spirits
.
(e)nokpa [ènɔ́kpà] n.
the other one.
enọyaenmwan [ènɔ̃́ỹãɛ̃́ɱã̀] n.
“our owner”: (in Christian sense): our Lord.
epa [èpàá] n.
a colloquial address term for a man, used mainly by young people. (cf. Engl. Pa).
epẹntiro [èpɛ̃̀tiɽó] n.
petrol (cf. Engl.).
epianpian [èpyã́pyã̀] n.
the piping hornbill.
ère [èɽè] n.
1. profit; gain; advantage;
2. reward.
Ọ rri ere iwinna esi ne ọ winnaẹn ― He got the reward of the good things he had done
.
Erediauwa [éɽédyàúwà] n.
name of the reigning Ọba of Benin.
Eresọyẹn [éɽésɔ̀yɛ̃̀] n.
name of a past Ọba of Benin.
erẹrẹ [èɽɛ́ɽɛ̀] n.
deception.
erẹnrẹn [èɽ̃ɛ̃̀ɽ̃ɛ̃́] num.
eight.
ero [èɽó] n.
deception; trick.
eruan [èɽ̃w̃ã́] n.
any harmful charm.
erha [éřá] n.
1. father; male parent;
2. ancestor for whom a shrine is mounted in the home.
erherha [éřéɽ̌á] n.
“father’s father”: paternal grandfather.
erhiye [éříyé] n.
“mother’s father”: maternal grandfather.
erha-nagbọn [éřànág͡bɔ̃̀] n.
“earthly father”; lover.
erha-nasagbọnmiẹn [éřànàsàg͡bɔ̃̀myɛ̃́] n.
“father-one-reaches the world to find”: foster father or benefactor.
erha-nọkhua [éřànɔ́xwà] n.
“big father”: grandfather.
erha-odede [érháodèdè] n.
great grandfather; also grandfather.
Erhamwonsa [éřàɱṍsà] n.
“Osa, my father” an appellation for the Supreme God, Osa.
erhan [èřã́] n.
1. tree; plant; shrub;
2. wood; stick, rod;
3. magical charm.
erhe1 [èřè] n.
part of the palm fruit by which it is attached to the tree.
erhe2 [èřè] n.
a copper stool said to have been sent to the Ọba of Benin by the Portuguese (Melzian p. 40).
erhẹnbavbogo [èřɛ̃̀bàʋógò] n.
1. a shrub, Enantia afinis; the wood is bright yellow on the inside and gives off a yellow sap;
2. yellow colour.
erhẹnzọ [èřɛ̃́zɔ́] n.
(< erhẹn + ẹzọ) “wood of the law-suit” ― dock, witness box.
Iran tie ẹre ne ọ do sẹ osẹ vbe erhẹnzọ ― “He was called to the witness box to testify”
.
erhẹrhẹ [èřɛ́řɛ́] n.
a variety of melon, used for soup.
erhigọẹn [èřìgɔ̃́ɛ̃̀] n.
heron (also etingọẹn).
erhindo [eřĩ́do] n.
(< erhan + ido) “loom stick”: the rod to which the threads are fastened in a loom.
erhọn [éřɔ̃́] n.
craw-craw; rashes. erhọnfọ ― heat rash.
erhuan [èřw̃ã́] n.
shedded skin or scales (e.g. of a snake).
erhuaengbe [èřw̃ã̀ɛgbè] n.
disciples; followers; attendants.
erhumohi [èřúmohì] n.
the darkheeled Cuckoo or Senegal Coucal.
erhunmwun [èřũ̀ɱũ̀] n.
prayer (mainly Christian sense, but also used in traditional religion); blessing.
erhunmwunrriarria [èřũ̀ɱũ̀ryáryà] n.
butterfly.
erhunmwunyẹn [èřṹɱũ̀yɛ́] n.
stranger; guest in a house.
erhuru [èřúɽú] n.
a variety of yam that has a slightly bitter taste when boiled.
erri [èrì] n.
knotty part in a piece of wood or creeper.
erria1 [èryá] n.
grazing.
erria2 [èryá] n.
1. interpretation, explanation (e.g. of code terms in oracles or riddles).
erriarra [èryáryà] n.
sandfly.
erriọ [èryɔ́] adv.
thus; so; like that:
vbene u gie ẹrẹ, erriọ ẹre ọ wa gha ye ― “Just as you described it, so it was exactly.”
errọ [èrɔ́] n.
1. the state of being a tenant rather than landlord:
errọ ẹre o ye vbe òwa nii ― “He is a tenant in that house.”
;
2. suspense; uncertainty.
erru [èrú] n.
a rack on which yam harvest is arranged and tied for storage and safe keeping.
esa [èsá] n.
relevance; connection; contribution in some enterprise:
wẹ i mwẹn esa ne u ye vbe ẹmwẹn na ― “You have no relevance in this matter, i.e. there is no contribution you can make in this matter.”
esagiẹn [èságỹɛ̃̀] n.
blood (also ẹrhaẹn).
Esago [ésàgó] n.
the name of the god of thunder, Sango; (also esango; isango; & isago) (cf. Yoruba sango).
èsago [èságò] n.
a large narrow-necked bottle, usually encased in wickerwork.
Esagho [ésàɣò] n.
the name of the chief wife of Ogiso, typically depicted in Edo folktales as ill-fated.
esakpaede [èsákpáedè] n.
1. a variety of drum, used for a dance by the same name, and danced to by men (ighele).
esakparẹghodin [èsákpáɽɛɣòdĩ̀] n.
great-grandchild.
esalebo [èsàlébò] n.
a plant, whose black seeds are strung around a calabash to make the musical instrument known as “ukusẹ”.
esalọ [èsálɔ̀] n.
a disease in the form of small sores on hands and feet.
Esama [ésàmã́] n.
the title of the chief who performs the ama ceremony.
Esan [ésã̀] n.
the Ishan people, one of the tribes in the Edo ethnic group.
esatọde [èsátɔ̀déè] n.
Saturday (cf. Engl.).
esanmwan [èsã̀ɱã̀] n.
any carved bone or ivory.
ese [èsè] n.
any sacrifice that should have been made according to the prediction of an oracle:
ese ọ rre ọre egbe ne ọ na khuọnmwin ― “He is sick because he is in default of making a sacrifice that was predicted.”
eseku [èsèékʋ] n.
a dwarf-like being believed to wander in the dense forest, with a woven mat tucked under his armpit.
Esere [èsèrè] n.
the title of a senior chief of the Iwẹguae society.
eseso [èsésò] quant.
some; any (occurs only in negative clauses):
i sẹ evba, i ma miẹ iran eseso ― “I got there and found none of them.”
esẹghẹsẹghẹ [esɛɣɛsɛɣɛ] n.
the gum-tree (Tetrapleura tetraplera).
esẹntimẹta [èsɛ̃̀tímɛ̃tà] n.
centimetre (cf. Engl.).
esi1 [èsì] n.
bush-pig (also esi-oha). esi-ebo ― domestic pig; hog.
esi2 [èsì] n.
goodness; the right or desirable qualities:
ọmwan esi ― “a person of goodness”; i.e. a good person
;
emwin esi ― “a thing of goodness”: a good thing
.
esia [èsyá] n.
hale; ikpesia ― “halestone”.
esiasio [èsyásyò] n.
the Bristlebill bird.
esiesi [èsyési] n.
(< esi + esi) excellent quality; perfection.
esieki [èsyɛ́kì] n.
cheque (cf. Engl.).
esiga [èsìgá] n.
cigarette (cf. Engl.).
esikpogho [èsíkpóɣò] n.
the Bulbul.
esiliki [èsílikì] n.
silk; also rayon (cf. Engl.).
esimẹti [èsìmẽ́tì] n.
cement (cf. Engl.).
eso [èsó] n.
some:
eso rre emwan ― “some are here.”
esoghosogho [èsóɣósóɣó] n.
baby’s rattle. (cf. sogho).
esosomaye [èsósómàyè] n.
a charm, having predictive power, owned by the Ọba.
esọbiri [èsɔ́bìɽì] n.
shovel, spade (cf. Engl.).
esọbu [èsɔ́bù] n.
shop; trading store; workshop. (cf Engl.).
Esọgban [ésɔ̀gbã́] n.
the title of a senior chief, who is a member of the Eghaevbo n’Ore, and who acts for the Iyasẹ in his absence.
esọkisi [èsɔ́kìsì] n.
socks (cf. Engl.).
Esọn [ésɔ̃̀ɔ̃́] n.
the title of a senior chief, who is a member of the Eghaẹvbo n’Ore.
esọnde [èsɔ̃́dè] n.
Sunday (cf. Engl.).
esọsi [èsɔ́sì] n.
Church (cf. Engl.).
Esu [èsù] n.
1. in traditional religion: the name of a harmful deity believed to be sent by the other gods to cause trouble: it cannot kill a man, but would lead him into danger or temptation;
2. In the Christian sense, the Devil; Lucifer.
esughusughu [èsùɣùsúɣù] n.
owl.
esuku [èsùkúù] n.
school (cf. Engl.).
eta [ètá] n.
talk; speech (also pl. of ọta ― speech).
etalọ [ètálɔ̀] n.
1. utterances;
2. talkativeness.
etalugbo [ètálúg͡bó] n.
a farmer’s small wrap that he wears to the farm; loin-cloth.
etaro [ètáɽò] n.
(< eto ― aro) “hair of the eyesbrows”: eyebrows.
ete [ètè] n.
crisis; problem; trouble.
etebetebe [ètébétébé] n.
a very small insect that runs on the surface of water in rivers, streams and ponds.
eteburu [ètébùɽù] n.
table. (cf. Engl.).
etekia [ètékyá] n.
(< eto ― ekia) “hair of the penis”: male pubic hair.
etẹbitẹ [ètɛ́bítɛ̀] n.
eternity; forever.
etẹlivisọn [ètɛ̀lìvisɔ̃̀] n.
television (also etiivi).
etẹn [ètɛ̃́ɛ̃̀] n.
relatives; siblings. (also pl. of ọtẹn ― relation).
etianran [ètĩã́ɽ̃ã̀] n.
1. peacock;
2. silk.
etifuanro [ètífũã́ɽò] n.
(< eto ― ifuẹn ― aro): “hair of the wings of the eyes”: eyelashes.
etivi [ètìívì] n.
television. (also etẹlivisọn).
etingọẹn [ètĩ̀gɔ̃́ɛ̃̀] n.
heron (also erhigọẹn).
etisa [ètísà] n.
teacher (cf. Engl.).
etitibiiti [ètìtìbíìtì] n.
a black bird with a lyre-shaped tail, believed to be the king of birds.
eto [ètó] n.
hair;
eto nakiin ― “hair plaited with thread”
;
eto namẹn ― “braided hair”
;
etonukẹn ― “kinky hair”
.
etolotolo [ètòlótòló] n.
turkey.
etobatoba [ètòbàtóbá] n.
1. something that has become permanently glued on to something else;
2. a permanent stain. (cf. toba).
etọghọtọghọ [ètɔ́ɣɔ́tɔ́ɣɔ́] n.
rooster’s crest at its throat.
etọnni [etɔ̃́nĩ̀] n.
ton (cf. Engl.).
etuhe [ètúhè] n.
(< eto ― uhe) “hair of the vagina”: female pubic hair.
etuheru [ètùhéɽù] n.
scissors (also ugbeto; alumagazi).
eturarri [ètúɽàrí] n.
frankincense.
evẹbu [èvɛ̃̀bù] n.
verb (cf. Engl.).
evavu [èvávù] n.
valve, in cars, motorcycles and bicycles; (also evav) (cf. Engl.).
evè [èvè] n.
elephantiasis of the scrotum.
éveva [évèvá] quant.
1. both (also èvèvá):
viọ éveva mẹ ― “give both to me”
.
èveva [èvévà] adv.
in pairs; two’s.
evẹn [èvɛ̃́ɛ̃̀] n.
wrestle.
evie [évyé] n.
a block with an iron surface on which smiths work metal; anvil.
evuato [évwátò] n.
grass-cutter.
evue [évwé] n.
a variety of ant that is found on corpses.
evba [èʋáà] adv.
over there; there:
mu ye evba: “place it over there.”
evbaakhuẹ [èʋàáxwɛ] n.
soap.
evbarriẹ [èʋàryɛ́] n.
an ingredient prepared from melon, used in native soups.
evbàvba [èʋàʋá] n.
an address and reference term meaning “father”, used mainly by adults. It also conveys some degree of respect and deference; in Christian prayers, it is usually used as an address term for God.
evbávba [èʋávà] n.
1. the supreme authority;
2. an address term often used for the Ọba.
evbayamose [èʋàyámòsé] n.
soap (also evbakhuẹ).
evbayawuo [èʋàyáwùó] n.
body cream; pomade.
evbibiọmọ [eʋibyɔmɔ̃] n.
parents.
evbihiọrọ [eʋihyɔɽɔ] n.
reptile.
evbikhọọ [èʋìxɔ̀ɔ́] n.
something of no value; a “no-good”.
evbisun [èʋìsṹ] n.
a general name for the different varieties of snails, such as egile, akikọ, etc., derived from their mode of crawling motion.
evbu [èʋúù] n.
dew; morning mist.
ewa [èwá] n.
sleeping-mat made out of the stems of ebiẹba.
ewan [èwã́ã̀] n.
now (cf. eban).
ewanniẹn [èwã́nỹɛ̃̀] n.
response; reply; answer.
ewanmwẹn [éwã̀ɱɛ̃̀] n.
palm branch with the leaves on.
ewẹn [èwɛ̃́ɛ̃̀] n.
1. breast;
2. milk:
ya ewẹn nẹrẹn wẹn ― “breast-feed it.”
ewẹnmila [èwɛ̃́mìlá] n.
(< ewẹn ― emila) “cow’s milk”: dairy milk.
ewi [éwí] n.
a variety of fish, usually sold in the smoked form.
ewindo [éwĩ́dò] n.
window (cf. Engl.).
ewinso [èwĩ́sò] n.
whistle (cf. Engl.).
ewisiki [èwìsìkí] n.
whisky (cf. Engl.).
éwọe1 [éwɔ́è] n.
whistling (by mouth).
éwoe2 [éwɔ́è] n.
lava of a fly found under mats on mud beds that had been urinated on. It causes itching and craw-craw.
èwoe [èwɔ̀è] n.
attendants; followers.
Eyaẹn [èỹã̀ɛ̃́] n.
the name of a village on the outskirts of Benin along the Benin ― Auchi Road.
eyan [èỹã́] n.
pledge; promise (cf. yan).
eyanyan [èỹã́ỹã̀] n.
yawn (cf. yanyan); yawning.
eyeyẹ [èyéyɛ̀] n.
(< eyẹ ― eyẹ) “grandchild-grandchild”: cousins.
eyẹ [èyɛ́] n.
grandchild.
ezẹ [èzɛ́] n.
a chisel-like blade used by wine-tappers; (cf. afian).
ezẹgizẹgi [èzɛ́gízɛ́gí] n.
dysentery diarrhoea.
ezikẹn [ézíkɛ̃̀ɛ̃́] n.
1. flute; it is made from a long thin calabash, and played during certain palace festivals;
2. the whining of a child.
ezini [ézĩ̀nĩ̀] n.
engine (cf. Engl.).
ezinniya [èzĩ̀nĩ́yà] n.
engineer (cf. Engl.).
ezọbu [èzɔ́bù] n.
job: usually daily-paid labour, often requiring no specialized skill.
Ezọti [èzɔ́tì] n.
name of a past Ọba who reigned in about 1473. (Egharevba 1968:73).