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*    There is also a flapped nasalised l (or flapped n), written ɽ̃ here.



*It is written r＋nasalised vowel (i.e. r＋vowel＋n in existing orthography).



*    r is trilled between vowels; fricative at the beginning of a word.



*    rh is a voiceless fricative or voiceless trilled r.



*    n is post-alveolar.



*    ny palatal, ỹ seems to occur as a variant.



*    nw a velar nasal with lip-rounding, w̃ seems to occur as a variant; the



*velar nasal ŋ is found in onomatopoeic words only.



*    ny has been written y＋vowel＋n, and nw, w＋vowel＋n, following



*Yoruba tradition. More recently, ny and nw have been adopted, but



*without omission of the final n.



*    x and ɣ are respectively the voiceless and the voiced velar fricatives.



*In publications they have been written kh and gh.



*    kp and gb are labio-velars, i.e. sounds requiring a double closure―that



*of the lips and of the back of the tongue against the soft palate, with



*a simultaneous release of these stops. Dr I. C. Ward, who examined



*the pronunciation of a Bini (J. E. Edegbe), and the author were of the



*opinion that these sounds gave no impression of being implosive, but



*had no experimental means of verifying this point.



*    w is a semi-vowel.



*    y is a voiced palatal fricative.



*    (Palatal and velar semi-vowels are often used in diphthongs and



*triphthongs, see above.)



*    h needs no comment.



*    LENGTH, STRESS AND TONES



*    Length is very rarely indicated in this dictionary; it is marked only



*in the case of vowels, where it is shown by doubling the vowel symbol.



*There are many pairs of verbs differentiated by a combination of vowel-



*length and intonation, one type having a shorter vowel and a high



*tone in the imperfect form, the other, a longer vowel and a rising tone,



*e.g. ma [ ˥ ] “to fit”, ma [ / ] “to be good”. In these cases the difference



*in length has not been indicated wherever the distinction is made clear



*by the tone marks. In an orthography for Bini speakers in which tone-



*marks are not used, it may be advisable to mark the difference in length



*instead.



*    Stress has not been indicated (but v. below).



*    TONES AND TONE MARKING



*    The following tones are found in Bini: high, low, mid, rising and



*falling, rising-falling and falling-rising. The system adopted here for



*marking the intonation of Bini words and sentences, which has been



*used by Dr I. C. Ward in her study of intonation, makes use of five



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