*
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There is also a flapped nasalised l (or flapped n), written ɽ̃ here.
*It is written r＋nasalised vowel (i.e. r＋vowal＋n in existing orthography).
* r is trilled between vowels; fricative at the beginning of a word.
* rh is a voiceless fricative or voiceless trilled r.
* n is post-alveolar.
* ny palatal, ỹ seems to occur as a variant.
* nw a velar nasal with lip-rounding, w̃ seems to occur an a variant; the
*velar nasal ŋ is found in onomatopoeic words only.
* ny has been written y＋vowel＋n, and nw, w＋vowel＋n, following
*Yoruba tradition. More recently, ny and nw have been adopted, but
*without omission of the final n.
* x and ɣ are respectively the voiceless and the voiced velar fricatives.
*In publications they have been written kh and gh.
* kp and gb are labio-velars, i.e. sounds requiring a double closure―that
*of the lips and of the back of the tongue against the soft palate, with
*a simultaneous release of these stops. Dr I. C. Ward, who examined
*the pronunciation of a Bini (J. E. Edegbe), and the author were of the
*opinion that these sounds gave no impression of being implosive, but
*had no experimental means of verifying this point.
* w is a semi-vowel.
* y is a voiced palatal fricative.
* (Palatal and velar semi-vowels are often used in diphthongs and
*triphthongs, see above.)
* h needs no comment.
* LENGTH, STRESS AND TONES
* Length is very rarely indicated in this dictionary; it is marked only
*in the case of vowels, where it is shown by doubling the vowel symbol.
*There are many pairs of verbs differentiated by a combination of vowel-
*length and intonation, one type having a shorter vowel and a high
*tone in the imperfect form, the other, a longer vowel and a rising tone,
*e.g. ma [ ˥ ] “to fit”, ma [ / ] “to be good”. In these cases the difference
*in length has not been indicated wherever the distinction is made clear
*by the tone marks. In an orthography for Bini speakers in which tone-
*marks are not used, it may be advisable to mark the difference in length
*instead.
* Stress has not been indicated (but v. below).
* TONES AND TONE MARKING
* The following tones are found in Bini: high, low, mid, rising and
*falling, rising-falling and falling-rising. The system adopted here for
*marking the intonation of Bini words and sentences, which has been
*used by Dr I. C. Ward in her study of intonation, makes use of five
*xii
