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*    as well as new items, was obtained from Mr J. U. Egharevba, the author



*of a short history of Benin in the vernacular,^1 and some items, from



*Mr J. E. Edegbe, translator and interpreter of the Church Missionary



*Society at Benin City. During my second stay in Nigeria, I worked



*through the first proofs of this Dictionary with Mr Amadasu and



*Mr S. Obayuwana.



*    Some words have been taken from publications of the Church



*Missionary Society, mainly from the Communion Service (quoted as



*Akugbe) and the Gospel of St Mark.



*    A certain number of important names have been included, and these



*as well as titles, praise-names, etc. have been written with a capital so



*as to stand out more clearly. Names composed of other words contained



*in the dictionary have not been entered under their respective headings



*but are given as separate items, e.g. Iʋi‿eze (cf. oʋi “child”).



*    The collection of words contained in this dictionary is by no means



*exhaustive. Gaps will be found especially among the following groups:



*    1. Nouns of action of the type u＋verbal stem＋ʋ̃ɛ, e.g. ukɔʋ̃ɛ [ ˩ \ ˩ ]



*“planting”, which apparently can be formed from every verb but do



*not seem always to be in use.



*    2. Composite nouns consisting of prefix＋(ɔ- denoting noun-agents,



*i- nouns of action, u- things, often tools, etc.)＋verbal stem＋object, with



*all syllables on low tones irrespective of their original tones, e.g. ɔmaxe



*[ ˩ ˩ ˩ ] “potter”, from ma [ ˥ ] and axe [ ˩ ˥ ] ; itẽrhã [ ˩ ˩ ˩ ] “tree-felling”,



*from tɔ̃ [ ˥ ] and erhã [ ˩ ˥ ] ; ugbĩnamɛ [ ˩ ˩ ˩ ˩ ] “umbrella”, from gbĩna



*[ ˩ ˥ ] and amɛ [ ˩ ˩ ] . They seem to be formed very freely though probably



*certain combinations are not in use.



*    3. Nouns derived from more than one verb, e.g. iyayi [ ˩ ˥ ˦ ] “faith”,



*from ya [ ˥ ] and yi [ ˥ ].



*    All these formations have been entered as far as they have come to



*the author’s notice, and it is hoped that students of the language will



*find no difficulty in determining the meaning of new words of these



*types by tracing their constituent elements. The same method is



*advised in the case of verbal combinations which are not found in the



*dictionary.



*    Etymological references, indicated by cf., are intended to elucidate



*the derivation and composition of words as well as the sources of loan-



*words. For the tones of loan-words the following works have been



*consulted―Ibo: Dr I. C. Ward, Introduction to the Ibo Language, and



*R. F. G. Adams, A Modern Ibo Grammar. Hausa: G. P. Bargery,



*^1 Ekherhe Vbe Ebe Itan Edo, 2nd edition, C. M. S., Benin City, 1934, quoted as



*Egh. Hist. Also in English as A Short History of Benin, by J. U. Egharevba, 1936,



*Church Missionary Society Bookshop, Lagos.



*    Recently, a short Bini-Yoruba-English vocabulary has been published by the



*same author, but since I obtained a copy of it only when this dictionary was in



*the press, I have not included any words from it here.



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